1.
Ousia (οὐσία)is the
being of God in the abstract which is common to all three persons.
Hypostasis (ὑπόστασις) means the personal existence mode of this being, what we call
person. Greek philosophy is the origination of both terms, with
ousia being Platonic, and
hypostasis from the Stoic.
Hypostasis originally means “self-existence” and was used by theologians to say the same as
ousia. While not occurring all at once, the word
ousia took on the sense of “person”. This has resulted in much confusion, for it would be read and heard that there was simultaneously one
hypostasis and three
hypostases in the Godhead.
2. “Nature” in the Greek is
physis. The word,
physis was also used to indicate God’s substance versus distinctions from the persons of the Godhead. That said,
physis and
ousia are not the same. As noted above,
ousia is the being of God in the abstract, while
physis includes all the unique attributes of the divine being of God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The attributes of the divine being are inseparably joined to the divine being (
φύσις).
3. Another Greek word,
prosōpon (πρόσωπον) had the original meaning of
mask or
face. In the Latin,
persona, the origin of our English word “person”, had the same meaning as the Greek
prosōpon. Unfortunately, the Sabellians willingly made use of these words to garner acceptance of their heresies. As a consequence the orthodox avoided these words, the Greeks using
hypostasis for “person”, even when earlier using
prosōpon.
4. At first, using ambiguous terms was seen as difficult by the Western Latin church. The Latin words
substantia, and
subsistentia were both
sometimes used for
substance and and for
person, sometimes using the one word for
substance and the other word for
person. The solution that emerged was as described below:
4.a. The word substantia was done away with as relates to God. That is, substantia is related by contrast with accidentia (accident, chance), so calling God substance would erroneously give the impression that “chance” is in God.
4.b. The word substantia was replaced by a more precise word, essentia (being, essence), which corresponds to ousia.
4.c. God’s nature, inclusive of the attributes of His being is natura from the Latin, agreeing with the Greek word physis.
4.d. In order to indicate the personal mode of existence, the word subsistentia remained in the theological lexicon. In other words, subsistentia is what we call person. The word, suppositum, is in the same sense, translating hypostasis and hypokeimenon (ὑποκείμενον).
4.e. The Greek words perichoresis or enyparxis (περιχωρήσις, ἐνυπάρξις) and the Latin words circumcessio or inexistentia mutual , (mutual in-being) were used by the early church. From their use was the implication that the persons of the Trinity are reciprocally in each other (John 14:20; 17:21; 1 Cor 2:10–11)—an internal movement (an interpenetration) within the being of God.
5. It is their character (
hypostatius sive personalis, τρόπος ὑπάρξεως) that distinguishes the persons of the Trinity. This uniqueness is made known in the names of the three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The uniqueness is demonstrated by the Father begetting the Son, the Son’s being begotten by the Father, and the Holy Spirit’s being breathed out (spirated) by the Father and the Son.
6. From the above there is the question of exactly how the persons of the Trinity are distinguished from the substance. Sabellianism must be avoided as it only claims one person, this one person having revealed himself in three forms. Likewise, tritheism is to be avoided for it claims no unity of substance for the three persons. Some hold that the persons are distinguished from the substance according to the mode—as the substance in the abstract and the substance in a certain mode with specific ways of existence. Still others hold that the persons are distinguished from each other in actuality, but not essentially or rationally.
7. There is no consensus on an agreed upon view of the idea connected with the words
hypostasis,
subsistentia,
suppositum,
persona. The frequent use of “person” is a useful aid, but often one that causes more confusion in these modern times where the word has taken on more meanings than that used by theologians. One of the earliest definitions of the word “person” comes from Boethius:
Person is an independent entity, indivisible, rational, incommunicable, not sustained by another nature and not a part of something else." A proper definition of
person when used of the Trinity, must
- not obscure the unity of God;
- include elements common to divine and human personality; and
- support the impersonality of the human nature.
From these constraints, we may define “person”, as relates to the Trinity, to be
the divine essence in a specific mode of existence, said mode of existence being distinguished from that essence and the other persons. If we wanted to be more precise, we could state that a person is a rational, incommunicable, indivisible entity which is not sustained by another nature possessing in itself the principle of its operation.
8. We use the phrase
opera ad intra (internal works) to define the activities of each person of the Trinity that are distinct from each another. These personal activities are incommunicable and not common to all the persons of the Trinity.
9. In contrast to these internal works are the “external works” (
opera ad extra) that are not divided, belonging to the entire being (see Genesis 1:26; John 5:17, 19).
9.a. These external works are performed by God’s power—an attribute belonging to God’s being.
9.b. Each person of the Trinity has a unique task, such that we speak of the economy or management of God. We will also read of the aspects of the economic Trinity. Examples of this would be creation as the work of the Father, salvation the work of the Son. That said, in a certain sense the three persons work together, the Father through the Son and the Spirit, the Son through the Father and Spirit.
9.c. The economy within the Godhead can be seen in the narrower sense when considering salvation. Here the persons of the Trinity exist in judicial fellowship—nothing takes place wherein each person is not involved judicially. We have the Father as Judge who is wrathful from the violation of His holiness. Yet, His Fatherly heart wells up with the thought of salvation and the Father sends the Son as our Mediator and the Holy Spirit who applies salvation. Accomplishing the Mediator’ work, the Son does so for the sake of the Father, and through the Holy Spirit the Son’s merits are applied. The Holy Spirit’s works in the heart of the elect, but does so for the sake of the Father and the Son.