Both rather than either limitation, imho.
Nope. GD is right.
I don't think the "witnesses" there are referring to their looking down, but of their being examples of faith....their testimonies, as it were. Like Abel...
Hebrews 11:4
By faith Abel offered unto God a more excellent sacrifice than Cain, by which he obtained witness that he was righteous, God testifying of his gifts: and by it he being dead yet speaketh.
Off the top of my head...
The word "witness" can refer to someone who is observing or has observed an event or events;
Or, to someone's communicating to another what they are observing or have observed;
Or, to a person, place, thing, or event that is a witness or an evidence of something.
And in that passage in Hebrews 12:1, it is this third sense that is being referred to, Lon.
In what sense is that great cloud of witnesses - a great cloud of witnesses?
And of what?
The writer of Hebrews is reminding said Hebrews of how that said great number witnesses having faithfully endured all that they had endured throughout the centuries - only to not receive the promise - serves as an evidence (exactly what Hebrews 11 began with) that God is not yet done with all He has set out to accomplish before He finally makes said promise a reality to all to whom it is His purpose to both promise and deliver, said promise to.
Note how chapter 11 ends...
Hebrews 11:37 They were stoned, they were sawn asunder, were tempted, were slain with the sword: they wandered about in sheepskins and goatskins; being destitute, afflicted, tormented; 11:38 (Of whom the world was not worthy: ) they wandered in deserts, and in mountains, and in dens and caves of the earth. 11:39 And these all, having obtained a good report through faith, received not the promise: 11:40 God having provided some better thing for us, that they without us should not be made perfect.
In other words, during their own trials, each generation had looked back at the witness of faith in enduring of the prior generation.
Chapter 12 continues on that theme...
Hebrews 12:1 Wherefore seeing we also are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which doth so easily beset us, and let us run with patience the race that is set before us,
During their own sufferings, the Hebrews are to look back to that good confession of faith towards God before men that prior generations had had, no matter what had come their way...
James comes to.mind right about now - he writes something similar...
James 1:1 James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes which are scattered abroad, greeting. 1:2 My brethren, count it all joy when ye fall into divers temptations; 1:3 Knowing this, that the trying of your faith worketh patience. 1:4 But let patience have her perfect work, that ye may be perfect and entire, wanting nothing.
Not only that, but the writer of Hebrews continues on the same thought he had continued into in 12: 1, this time adding to that the Lord's Own example of a good confession of faith towards God before men during His sufferings...
12:2 Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith; who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising the shame, and is set down at the right hand of the throne of God. 12:3 For consider him that endured such contradiction of sinners against himself, lest ye be wearied and faint in your minds.
This also comes to mind, just now - how that just like "Christ Jesus, who before Pontius Pilate witnessed a good confession; 1 Tim. 6:13, the Hebrews are being encouraged to do likewise - that great cloud of witnesses (who had witnessed a good confession of faith towards God before men, no matter what had come their way) a source of encouragement to said Hebrews.
In fact, this is a common theme throughout the Scripture...
Why?
Towards what intent?
Romans 15:4 For whatsoever things were written aforetime were written for our learning, that we through patience and comfort of the scriptures might have hope.
Case in point, once more...
Acts 4:18 And they called them, and commanded them not to speak at all nor teach in the name of Jesus. 4:19 But Peter and John answered and said unto them, Whether it be right in the sight of God to hearken unto you more than unto God, judge ye. 4:20 For we cannot but speak the things which we have seen and heard.
Just a matter of time in the Word, Lon.
Then, a right context will begin to set off memory of the relevant passages.
Case in point...
John 2:22 When therefore he was risen from the dead, his disciples remembered that he had said this unto them; and they believed the scripture, and the word which Jesus had said.
Rom. 5: 6-8.