I am embarrassed now. I was in error about the federal jobs thing. Roughly 17-18% of federal employees are black, given a cursory google search. That said, black people are only roughly 13% of the US population.
I'm glad that you're embarrassed. You should be. But then, you also have the sense to be embarrassed about it, which is somewhat redeeming.
As for why black people might be over-represented in federal employment compared to their proportion of the population in general, I would suggest that it may be a result of the robust legal protections that they have against discrimination in that context. There's good research indicating that in the economy in general, job applicants having "black sounding" names are far less likely to get a call back for a job interview. You go where people will hire you.
I may or may not be in error about the college thing.
Well, I don't believe that there's a single federal program that's race-exclusive. Some colleges give preferences to racial minorities to increase their diversity because they recognize that its in their best interests.
That said, because black people tend to be poorer, they do tend to get higher pell grants, at least, I think that's true.
The fundamental racial disparity there is that black people tend to be poorer, and the rest flows from that fact in a racially agnostic way. That's not an advantage for black people, except in a fairly narrow way.
[I think that this is ridiculous, by the way. Why should the parents' income matter (unless we are talking about wealthy parents) when it comes to how much the student gets in terms of federal funding? Lower middle class families get the short end of the stick on this. They aren't particularly able to pay for their children to go to college, but their children don't get as much federal funding because the government magically deems them of a higher ability to pay. ]
I somewhat agree. There is, after all, no mechanism that guarantees that wealthier parents will pay for their children's college. However, the purpose of programs like the Pell grants is to mitigate the intergenerational wealth advantages, and increase social and economic mobility for people at a disadvantage. Those are generally positive goals, which may be meaningfully advanced with means tests.