Palestinian Prehistory
Lower Palaeolithic Period (ca 1,400,000–250,000)
- Acheulian culture.
- first signs of domesticated dogs, controlled usage of fire
Middle Palaeolithic Period (ca. 250,000–48,000)
- Mousterian culture
- human remains include both the Neanderthals (in Kebara Cave, Amud Cave and Tabun), and anatomically modern humans
Upper Palaeolithic Period (ca. 48,000–20,000)
Epi-Palaeolithic Period (ca. 20,000–9,500 cal. BCE)
- Kebaran Culture (18,000 BCE to 12,500 BCE)
- associated with the appearance of the bow and arrow
- movement of people across the Sinai associated with the climatic warming after the Late Glacial Maxima of 20,000 BCE.
- Natufian Culture (12,500–9,500 cal. BCE)
- development of sedentism among the hunter-gatherers.
- the foundation for the Neolithic Revolution
Neolithic Period (8500-4500 BCE)
- time of the agricultural transition and development of farming economies in the Near East
-the region's first known megaliths (and Earth's oldest known megalith, other than Gobekli Tepe) .
- Jericho is believed to be one of the oldest continuously-inhabited cities in the world, with evidence of settlement dating back to 9000 BCE, providing important information about early human habitation in the Near East
Neolithic and Chalcolithic (Copper Age 4500-3000 BCE)
- large scale, far reaching trade
- obsidian indicative of a very large trade circle reaching as far as the Northern Fertile Crescent at Nemrut Dağ and as far North as Hotamis Dağ
- Ghassulian Period
- the basis of the Mediterranean economy
- has characterised the area ever since
- a mixed agricultural system consisting of extensive cultivation of grains (wheat and barley), intensive horticulture of vegetable crops, commercial production of vines and olives, and a combination of transhumance and nomadic pastoralism
- the "circum Arabian nomadic pastoral complex", probably associated with the first appearance of Semites in this area.
-area's location at the center of three trade routes linking three continents made it the meeting place for religious and cultural influences from Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, and Asia Minor
Early Bronze (3500-2200 BCE)
- independent Canaanite city-states situated in plains and coastal regions
- urban development of Canaan lagged considerably behind that of Egypt and Mesopotamia and even that of Syria, where from 3,500 BCE a sizable city developed at Hamoukar
- urban development again began culminating in the Early Bronze Age development of sites like Ebla, which by 2,300 BCE was incorporated once again into an Empire of Sargon, and then Naram-Sin of Akkad (Biblical Accad)
- collapse of the Akkadian Empire, saw the arrival of peoples using Khirbet Kerak Ware pottery, coming originally from the Zagros Mountains, east of the Tigris
- suspected by some that this event marks the arrival in Syria and Palestine of the Hurrians, people later known in the Biblical tradition possibly as Horites.
- parts of the Canaanite urban civilization were destroyed around 2300 BCE
Middle Bronze Age (2200–1500 BCE)
- Canaan was influenced by the surrounding civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Minoan Crete, and Syria.
*- arrival of "Amorites" from Syria in Southern Iraq, an event associated with the arrival of Abraham's family in Ur
- the chief state at this time was the city of Hazor, capital of the region of Israel
- period in which Semites began to appear in larger numbers in the Nile delta region of Egypt
Late Bronze Age (1500-740 BCE)
- 1550–1400 BCE - Canaanite cities became vassals to Egypt as the Egyptian New Kingdom reunited Egypt
- 1294-1290 BCE - Seti 1 waged a campaign to resubordinate Canaan to Egyptian rule
- 1178 BCE - the Battle of Djahy (Canaan) between Ramesses III and the Sea Peoples marked the beginning of the decline in power of the New Kingdom in the Levant during the wider Bronze Age collapse
Iron Age
- the Philistines occupied the southern coast of Canaan, and mingled with the local population, losing their separate identity over several generations
- Philistines credited with introducing iron weapons and chariots to the local population.
*- sudden emergence of a new culture contrasting with the Philistine and Canaanite societies existing in Palestine during Iron Age I
- new culture is characterised by the lack of pork remains (whereas pork formed 20% of the Philistine diet in places), an abandonment of the Philistines/Canaanite custom of having highly decorated pottery, and the practice of circumcision
- a dramatic social transformation had taken place in the central hill country of Canaan around 1200 BCE
- over a period of hundreds of years until after the return of the exiles from Babylon, the Canaanites were gradually absorbed by the Israelites until after the period of Ezra (~450 BCE)
- Hebrew, a dialect of Canaanite became the language of the hill country and later the valleys and plains
- written evidence of the use of Classical Hebrew exists from about 1000 BCE. It was written using the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet.
- the United Kingdom of Israel was established by the Israelite tribes with Saul as its first king in 1020 BCE
- 1000 BCE, Jerusalem was made the capital of King David's kingdom, the First Temple was constructed in this period by King Solomon
- 930 BCE, the united kingdom split to form the northern Kingdom of Israel, and the southern Kingdom of Judah
- mid-9th century BCE - some local chieftains create large political structures that exceeded the boundaries of those present in the Late Bronze Age Levant
- 925 BCE, Pharaoh Sheshonk I of the Third Intermediate Period is recorded to have invaded Canaan following the Battle of Bitter Lakes
- first Pharaoh mentioned in the Bible who captured and pillaged Jerusalem
- 835 BCE, King Shalmaneser III of Assyria's Battle of Qarqar,
- the conquest of the region by Hazael of Aram Damascus in the 830s BCE
- some archaeological scholars contend that Kings David and Solomon were myths, citing the lack of archaeological evidence comcerning the existence of a United Kingdom of Israel, and the unreliability of biblical texts that were written a much later period"
Assyrian Empire
- 740 BCE - the Neo-Assyrian Empire conquered most of the Levant (Palestine)
- Israelite cities becoming vassals to the Neo-Assyrian Empire during this period
- between 722 and 720 BCE the northern Kingdom of Israel was destroyed by the Assyrian Empire and the Israelite tribes (the Lost Tribes) were exiled.
- Kingdom of Judah is all that remains of the 12 tribes
Babylonian Empire
- 627 BCE - Neo-Assyrian Empire replaced by the Neo-Babylonian Empire after the successful revolt of Nabopolassar
- the Battle of Megiddo (609 BCE) and the Battle of Carchemish four years later, and further conflict between the Babylonians and the 26th dynasty of Egypt is recorded during 601–586 BCE.
-586 BCE when Jerusalem and the First Temple were destroyed by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II - most of the surviving Israelite leaders and much of the other local population deported to Babylonia
Persian Empire Period
- King Cyrus the Great's defeat of the Neo-Babylonian Empire at the Battle of Opis, the region became part of the Empire
- administrative areas: Phoenicia, Judah and Samaria, and the Arabian tribes
- Judah and Samaria enjoyed considerable internal autonomy
- Jews allowed to return to what their holy books had termed the Land of Israel,
- Second Temple in Jerusalem built
- uprising against Artaxerxes III in 350 BCE, which resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem
Hellenic Period (330s BCE)
- Alexander the Great conquered the region, during his six-year Macedonian conquest of the empire of Darius III of Persia. Alexander's armies took Palestine while traveling to Egypt
- 323–301 BCE, the region changed hands numerous times during the wars of the Diadochi, with rulers including Laomedon of Mytilene, Ptolemy I Soter and Antigonus I Monophthalmus
- 312 BCE Ptolemy I Soter defeated Antigonus' son Demetrius I at the Battle of Gaza
Seleucid Empire
- Seleucus I Nicator, then an admiral under Ptolemy founded the Seleucid Empire
- 219 BCE - northern portion of Palestine ultimately fell into the hands of the Seleucid Empire - 200 BCE - Southern Palestine also fell under the control of the Seleucid Empire following the Battle of Panium (part of the Fifth Syrian War)
- establishment of well-built fortified cities
- trade and commerce flourished, particularly in the most Hellenized areas, such as Ashkelon, Jaffa, Jerusalem, Gaza, and ancient Nablus
- Persians had not interfered with the internal affairs of the various subject-peoples of the region
- the Greeks followed a policy of deliberate Hellenisation, encouraging, although not normally enforcing, Greek culture that resulted in the Maccabean Revolt in 160 BCE (Battle of Elasa)
- Seleucid Empire declines in 1
- 145 BCE - King Alexander Balas at the Battle of Antioch (145 BCE)
- 116 BCE - civil war between Seleucid half-brothers Antiochus VIII Grypus and Antiochus IX Cyzicenus resulted in a breakup of the kingdom and the independence of certain principalities, including Judea
Hasmonean Kingdom (110 BCE)
-110 BCE - John Hyrcanus carries out military conquests creating an independent Hasmonean Kingdom based on a Judean-Samaritan-Idumaean-Ituraean-Galilean alliance ]
Roman Empire
- 63 BCE - Pompey's conquest of Judea and Aulus Gabinius, proconsul of Syria, splits the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts of legal and religious councils known as sanhedrin based at Jerusalem, Sepphoris (Galilee), Jericho, Amathus (Perea) and Gadara
- Herodian Dynasty
- 44 CE - Herodian Dynasty replaced by direct Roman rule through prefects
- First Jewish-Roman War (66–73), Titus sacked Jerusalem (in 70 CE) destroying the Second Temple, leaving only supporting walls, including the Western Wall
- according to Josephus, the estimated death toll was 250,000–1,100,000
- Pharisee rabbi Yokhanan ben Zakai reestablished a Sanhedrin and founded a school of Torah that would eventually evolve into Rabbinic Judaism(200 CE)
Paralia
- 135 CE, Bar Kokhba's Revolt defeated by Hadrian resulted in the deaths of 580,000 Jews and the destabilization of the region's Jewish population