Note that it includes some Gentiles as being in elect, spiritual Israel (Romans 9:24).
(See also post #46 above)
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It refers to works of faith, rather than works of the Old Covenant Mosaic law. The former are required for ultimate salvation (Romans 2:6-8).
Initially, but not ultimately (Matthew 7:21). Also, Ephesians 2:10 does not mean that Christians will automatically perform good works. For while God makes it possible for Christians to do the right thing (Philippians 2:13, John 15:4-5), He does not take away their free will, turning them into robots, or into macabre flesh puppets, mere marionettes whom He forces to dance across the stage as He pulls on their strings. Instead, He leaves them as His real children with free will. And so they have to choose each and every day to deny themselves, to take up their crosses, and to follow Jesus Christ to the end (Luke 9:23, Matthew 24:13). And there is no assurance that they will choose to do that (Matthew 25:26,30, Luke 12:45-46, Luke 8:13), because of free will.
Initial salvation, being born again (John 3:3,7; 1 Peter 1:23-25; 1 Peter 2:2), is both present salvation and a contract for ultimate salvation, just as the birth of an infant is both present life and a contract for life as an adult. Just as children can know that they are actually alive, so initially saved people (that is, Christians) can know that they are actually saved (1 John 5:13; 1 Corinthians 15:1-4). And just as an infant cannot "give back" his being born, or become unborn, so a born-again person cannot become un-born-again, or "give back" his being born again, his being initially saved. But just as there is no assurance that children will reach adulthood, so there is no assurance that initially saved people will obtain ultimate salvation. For just as there are conditions placed on children, like not running into traffic, and not drinking the Drano under the sink, if they are to reach adulthood, so there are conditions placed on the born-again, the initially saved, if they are to obtain ultimate salvation (Romans 2:6-8, Hebrews 3:6,14; 1 Corinthians 9:27).
And also to be ultimately accepted by Him (2 Corinthians 5:9), and not rejected by Him to the ultimate loss of our salvation (Matthew 25:26,30).
Abraham was ultimately justified unto eternal life by both his faith and his works:
James 2:24 Ye see then how that by works a man is justified, and not by faith only.
(See also post #65 above)
They are the same, for Ephesians 2:12,19 means that Christian Gentiles are not strangers to Israel, but are fellowcitizens in Israel along with Jewish Christians. Read also what Ephesians 3:6 says.
Also, Matthew 7:21 is talking about the same people as Romans 2:6-8.