Universal gravitational constant G 6.67× 10–11 N•m2/kg2
Acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 m/s2
Speed of light in a vacuum c 3.00× 108 m/s
I mentioned one above. Since radioactive decay is tied to the speed of light, then a significantly faster speed of light (required for the observed case of distant galaxies) would have meant a much greater rate of background radiation, which would have killed all living things on Earth.
The gravitational constant?
The speed of gravitational waves in the general theory of relativity is equal to the speed of light in vacuum, c.[1] Within the theory of special relativity, the constant c is not exclusively about light; instead it is the highest possible speed for any physical interaction in nature. Formally, c is a conversion factor for changing the unit of time to the unit of space.[2] This makes it the only speed which does not depend either on the motion of an observer or a source of light and/or gravity. Thus, the speed of "light" is also the speed of gravitational waves and any massless particle. So far, the only candidates for massless particles in physics are the photons that light waves consist of, and also the theoretical gravitons which make up the associated field particles of gravity, if a quantum mechanical theory for gravity is ever successfully constructed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_gravity
Sorry if I don't derive that for you. Someone once showed me how it works out, and my head hurt for a day.
This is a function of the inertia of mass...
http://www.scribd.com/doc/37216056/Inertial-and-Gravitational-Mass-in-Quantum-Mechanics
Mass of Earth 5.98× 1024 kg
Turns out that for a star the size of our sun, simulations show small rocky planets form close to the star. Gravity and inertia again, which is tied to...
You guessed it.
Mean radius of Earth 6.37× 106 m
See above. The composition of the Earth, relates the mass to it's radius.
See above
And so on. Been a long time since I finished with physics courses, and we know a lot more now, but last time I looked, it was all tied together.