8. Complex Molecules and Organs
Many molecules necessary for life, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, are so complex that claims concerning their evolution are questionable. Furthermore, such claims lack experimental support.a
There is no reason to believe that mutations or any natural process could ever produce any new organs—especially those as complex as the eye,b the ear, or the brain.c For example, an adult human brain contains over 10E14 (a hundred thousand billion) electrical connections,d more than all the electrical connections in all the electrical appliances in the world. The human heart, a ten-ounce pump that will operate without maintenance or lubrication for about 75 years, is another engineering marvel.e
15. Codes and Programs
In our experience, codes are produced only by intelligence, not by natural processes or chance. A code is a set of rules for converting information from one useful form to another. Examples include Morse code and braille. The genetic material that controls the physical processes of life is coded information. It also is accompanied by elaborate transmission, translation, and duplication systems, without which the genetic material would be useless, and life would cease. Therefore, it seems most reasonable to conclude that the genetic code, the accompanying transmission, translation, and duplication systems, and all living organisms were produced simultaneously by an extremely high level of intelligence using nonnatural (or supernatural) processes.
Likewise, no natural process has ever been observed to produce a program. A program is a planned sequence of steps to accomplish some goal. Computer programs are common examples. The information stored in the genetic material of all life is a complex program. Because programs are not produced by chance or natural processes, it seems most likely that an intelligent, supernatural source developed these programs.
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Table of Contents
Preface
Part I: The Scientific Case for Creation
Introduction
Life Sciences
Astronomical and Physical Sciences
Earth Sciences
Life Sciences
The Theory of Organic Evolution Is Invalid.
Organic Evolution Has Never Been Observed.
The Law of Biogenesis
Acquired Characteristics
Mendel’s Laws
Bounded Variations
Natural Selection
Mutations
Fruit Flies
Complex Molecules and Organs
Fully-Developed Organs
Distinct Types
Altruism
Extraterrestrial Life?
Language
Speech
Codes and Programs
Information
The Arguments for Evolution Are Outdated and Often Illogical.
A Common Designer
Vestigial Organs
Two-Celled Life?
Embryology
Rapid Burial
Parallel Strata
Fossil Gaps
Missing Trunk
Out-of-Place Fossils
Ape-Men?
Fossil Man
Life Is So Complex That Chance Processes, Even over Billions of Years, Cannot Explain Its Origin.
Chemical Elements of Life
Proteins
The First Cell
Barriers, Buffers, and Chemical Pathways
Genetic Distances
Genetic Information
DNA Production
Handedness: Left and Right
The Elephant in the Living Room
Improbabilities
Metamorphosis
Symbiotic Relationships
Sexual Reproduction
Immune Systems
Living Technology
The Validity of Thought
Life Science Conclusions
Astronomical and Physical Sciences
The Universe, the Solar System, the Earth, and Life Were Recently Created.
Theories for the Evolution of the Solar System and Universe Are Unscientific and Hopelessly Inadequate.
Strange Planets
Earth: The Water Planet
Molten Earth?
Evolving Planets?
Planetary Rings
Origin of the Moon
Evolution of the Solar System?
Faint Young Sun
Mountains of Venus
Space, Time, and Matter
A Beginning
First Law of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Big Bang?
Dark Thoughts
Stellar Nursery, or Is the Emperor Naked?
Missing Mass
Heavy Elements
Interstellar Gas
Fast Binaries
Star Births?
Stellar Evolution?
O Stars
Galaxies
Techniques That Argue for an Old Earth Are Either Illogical or Are Based on Unreasonable Assumptions.
Hidden Assumptions
Corals and Caves
Constant Decay?
Radiometric Contradictions
Index Fossils
Geologic Column
Old DNA, Bacteria, and Proteins?
Human Artifacts
Humanlike Footprints
Parallel Layers
Most Scientific Dating Techniques Indicate the Earth, Solar System, and Universe Are Young.
Helium
Lead and Helium Diffusion
Excess Fluid Pressure
Volcanic Debris
River Sediments
Continental Erosion
Dissolved Metals
Shallow Meteorites
Meteoritic Dust
Magnetic Decay
Rapid Cooling
Moon Recession
Moon Dust and Debris
Crater Creep
Hot Moon
Young Comets
Small Comets
Hot Planets
Solar Wind
Poynting-Robertson Effect
Connected Galaxies
Unstable Galaxies
Galaxy Clusters
Conclusion
Earth Sciences
The Earth Has Experienced a Worldwide Flood.
Archaeological Evidence Indicates Noah’s Ark Probably Exists.a
Ancient Historians
British Scientists
James Bryce
Turkish Commissioners
George Hagopian
Russian Pilot
Turkish Soldiers
Ed Davis
George Greene
The CIA’s “Ararat Anomaly”
Gregor Schwinghammer
Many of the Earth’s Previously Unexplainable Features Can Be Explained by a Cataclysmic Flood.
The Seemingly Impossible Events of a Worldwide Flood Are Credible, If Examined Closely.
Water above Mountains?
Shells on Mountains
Flood Legends
Was There Room?
References and Notes
Part II: Fountains of the Great Deep
The Hydroplate Theory: An Overview
A Few of the Mysteries
How to Evaluate Theories
The Hydroplate Theory: Assumptions
Phases of the Hydroplate Theory: Rupture, Flood, Drift, and Recovery
A Picture with a Story
What’s Ahead
Lake Kashmir
References and Notes
The Origin of Oceanic Trenches
Drifting vs. Shifting
Theories Attempting to Explain the Origin of Trenches
Evaluation of Evidence vs. Theories
Evidence Requiring an Explanation
A Volume Check
Final Thoughts
References and Notes
Liquefaction: The Origin of Strata and Layered Fossils
Examples of Liquefaction
Liquefaction During the Flood
A Closer Look at Liquefaction
Testing the Theories
Liquefaction During the Compression Event
References and Notes
The Origin of Limestone
Nine observations explained by this scenario:
Final Thoughts
References and Notes
Frozen Mammoths
General Description
Some Specifics
Evidence Requiring an Explanation
Theories Attempting to Explain Frozen Mammoths
What Happened?
Evaluation of Evidence vs. Theories
Details Relating to the Hydroplate Theory
Details Relating to the Lake Drowning Theory
Details Relating to the Crevasse Theory
Details Relating to the Mud Burial Theory
Details Relating to the River Transport Theory
Details Relating to the Extinction-by-Man Theory
Details Relating to the Bering Barrier Theory
Details Relating to the Shifting Crust Theory
Details Relating to the Meteorite Theory
Were Mammoths Frozen after the Flood?
Final Thoughts
References and Notes
The Origin of Comets
Gravity: How and Why Most Things Move
How Comets Move
Comet Composition
Small Comets
Details Requiring an Explanation
Theories Attempting to Explain the Origin of Comets
Questions Precede Advances
Evaluation of Evidence vs. Theories
Details Relating to the Hydroplate Theory
Detecting the Hidden Mass That Comets Feel
Details Relating to Exploded Planet Theory
Details Relating to the Volcanic Eruption Theory
Details Relating to the Original Oort Cloud Theory
Details Relating to the Revised Oort Cloud Theory
Details Relating to Meteor Stream Theory
Details Relating to Interstellar Capture Theory
Another Possibility: Creation
Final Thoughts
References and Notes
The Origin of Asteroids and Meteoroids
Meteorites, Meteors, and Meteoroids
Two Interpretations
Chondrules
Meteorites Return Home
Water on Mars
Are Some Meteorites from Mars?
Final Thoughts
References and Notes
Part III: Frequently Asked Questions
How Can the Study of Creation Be Scientific?
Have New Scientific and Mathematical Tools Detected Adam and Eve?
Because We See Galaxies Billions of Light-Years Away, Isn’t the Universe Billions of Years Old?
How Old Do Evolutionists Say the Universe Is?
What Was Archaeopteryx?
How Accurate Is Radiocarbon Dating?
What about the Dinosaurs?
Is There Life in Outer Space?
Have Planets Been Discovered Outside the Solar System?
Did the Flood Last 40 Days and 40 Nights?
Is the Hydroplate Theory Consistent with the Bible?
How Was the Earth Divided in Peleg’s Day?
How Could Saltwater and Freshwater Fish Survive the Flood?
Did It Rain before the Flood?
What Triggered the Flood?
Did a Water Canopy Surround Earth and Contribute to the Flood?
Arguments for a Canopy—and Brief Responses
Scientific Arguments Opposing a Canopy
An Alternate Interpretation
A Study of Some Key Hebrew Words
Questions Raised by Genesis 1: 8a
What Does “Raqia” Mean?
Mythology and Canopies
Conclusion
If God Made Everything, Who Made God?
How Did Human “Races” Develop?
According to the Bible, When Was Adam Created?
Is There a Large Gap of Time between Genesis 1:1 and 1:2?
Is Evolution Compatible with the Bible?
Does the New Testament Support Genesis 1–11?
How Can Origins Be Taught in High School or College?
The Origins Research Project
Resource Materials
Questions and Answers
What Are the Social Consequences of Evolution?
How Can I Become Involved in This Issue?
Why Does the Universe Seem To Be Expanding?
How Do Evolutionists Respond to What You Say?
How Do You Respond to Common Claims of Evolutionists?
Why Don’t Creationists Publish in Leading Science Journals?
Introduction
Written Debate Offer
Debate Procedures
Technical Notes
How Long Would It Take the Moon to Recede from Earth to Its Present Position?
References and Notes
How Much Dust and Meteoritic Debris Should the Moon Have If It Is 4,600,000,000 Years Old?
The Data
Integration
Discussion
Conclusion
References and Notes
Does Subduction Really Occur?
Can Overthrusts Occur? Can Mountains Buckle?
Energy in Subterranean Water
Melting the Inner Earth
References and Notes
Illustration Credits